Chuck Rathert and Aaron Mueller discuss issues and questions that are on the minds of people who are wrestling with the problems of existence and meaning, and explore how Christianity can answer these questions in a way that satisfies the longing of the human heart.
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No teaching of Jesus is more difficult or counterintuitive than his command to love one’s enemies. Loving one’s friends makes sense, but loving one’s enemies seems pointless at best and dangerous at worst. Besides, it seems like loving those who have harmed us makes light of the pain they have caused. Won’t loving them, we inevitably think, send the message that it’s okay that they hurt us? But loving our enemies does not excuse their sin; instead, it models what Jesus did when he loved us while we were his enemies. Far from excusing our sin, his love took our sin on himself, washed it away, a
Christianity’s exclusive claims are controversial, but the Bible insists that Jesus is the only way to God. The main difference between Christianity and all other worldviews–that the founder of Christianity is not merely a teacher who shows the path to God, but is himself the only path to God–makes clear why this exclusive claim is an essential part of Christianity’s claims. If God cannot be accessed by ordinary human thoughts, efforts, or experience, then he can only be knowable if he chooses to reveal himself. Because all other religions reject this core Christian belief, Christianity’s excl
Christianity is a missionary religion, and Christians are expected to share their faith in Jesus with unbelievers. But how should Christians go about arguing for the truth of the biblical story? One common strategy is to offer evidence—whether through historical arguments for the resurrection, the compatibility of science with biblical cosmology, fulfilled prophecy, or archaeological discoveries that confirm biblical accounts. However, when presented with this evidence, many people will either offer counter-evidence or simply refuse to engage. It becomes clear that evidence alone is rarely eno
Hebrews 2 says it pleased the Father to make Jesus perfect through suffering, but this raises an immediate question: if Jesus is the eternal second person of the Trinity, holy and righteous in his very essence, why does this verse state that until his death on the cross he was somehow imperfect? The key to understanding this text is drawing a distinction between moral perfection and vocational perfection. Jesus has always been morally perfect, completely righteous and holy, and yet that holiness and righteousness are not able to accomplish his vocation of redeeming his creation back to himself
Hebrews 6:1-6 seems to imply that if someone who was once genuinely converted loses that salvation they are not able to repent and return once again to the Christian faith, but how does that fit with stories of apostasy and restoration from Scripture and from the real lives of many Christians? Peter, for instance, confesses that Jesus is the true Messiah, denies him immediately before his death, and then returns to become a pillar of the earliest church. What then, does the Hebrew text mean? The answer has to do with the historical context: threatened with persecution, at least some Christians
A common urban myth about Christian origins sometimes gets passed around when people talk about the Bible is that no one can really know what the Bible says since the translations we have now are just translations of older translations. The Bible says that all of scripture is “breathed out” by God, but does this mean that our English translations can equally lay claim to this divine origin? Chuck and Aaron talk about how translations work and about the decisions scholars must make as they try to the best of their ability to communicate ideas written in one language into another language withou
The Bible teaches that at the end of this current age, when Jesus returns, God will finally and eternally judge all people. But what is the actual basis of that judgment? What does it have to do with our lives right now? And how can we know where we stand? For Protestants who believe that salvation is by grace through faith alone, it may come as a surprise that every time the final judgment is described in Scripture, it is done on the basis of works. In other words, on that last day, believers will be revealed by the way they lived in Jesus’ name, while those who do not know Christ will be rev
In Mark 10:15, Jesus says that anyone “who does not receive the kingdom of God like a child shall not enter it.” This text has been misunderstood in different ways through the years since Jesus has said it. One listener who had grown up with the King James Version (which translates this verse, “whoever shall not receive the kingdom of God as a little child, he shall not enter therein.” The word “as” can mean “like”, but in this sentence it can also mean “when”; in other words, “whoever shall not receive the kingdom of God when a child…”. Within the context of the New Testament, this clearly di
Justification is one of the most important words in the Bible because it’s one of the most important aspects of humanity. The quest to find a reason for one’s existence - in other words, “to justify” oneself - is irresistible. In a culture which separates the “secular” from the “sacred”, Christians sometimes reduce justification to be a religious or moral issue: we can not do enough good works to make God happy with us, so if we want to be saved we can’t rely on our good works but on Jesus alone. This truth is plainly taught by Scripture, but this view narrows down the scope of justification t
While the Bible acknowledges that anger can sometimes be righteous—specifically when its target is evil and injustice—hatred is generally forbidden. Jesus calls his people to do good to their enemies and love those who hate them. However, this creates a tension: sometimes God himself is described as hating those who are opposed to him. How can hatred be wrong if God himself hates? Three Ways to Understand Divine Hate The Perspective of Judgment: One way to answer this is to understand human limitation. We are unable to pass final judgment on each other because we don't know if someone's evil i
Unbelievers sometimes critique Christian faith for being subjective—based on unprovable personal opinions. In response, some Christians have tried to argue that their beliefs are actually objective and based on provable evidence. However, both the accusation and the defense stem from a modernist perspective that incorrectly prioritizes "scientific" viewpoints over all others. This distortion hides the reality that all viewpoints—not just religious ones—are inherently subjective. No one's ideas are based purely on provable evidence; instead, all concepts rest on unprovable foundational assumpti
The level of damage a Christian leader’s moral failure causes is almost incalculable. Because much of a pastor’s ministry is explaining God’s Word to his congregation, his words necessarily begin to carry something of a divine weight, and as a result the Christian pastor represents God. The level of trust a congregation must have in its pastor means that the damage caused when a pastor betrays his congregation is exponentially greater than when a business, political, or entertainment leader commits the same sin. With this in mind, churches and their pastors must care for each other in spiritua
Finding it difficult to believe in a God who orders the destruction of human life is not a new phenomenon. Many have found it hard to square what the Bible says about God’s love with what it says about His violence. But if we are intellectually honest, the question shouldn't be whether the God of the Bible conforms to our personal standards of right and wrong—but whether He is the real God. If He is true, the question of whether we "like" Him becomes secondary to the question of whether He is worthy of worship. As it turns out, it is philosophically possible to believe in a God who is both lov
Many biblical texts teach that Jesus gives his people “eternal life, and they will never perish, and no one will snatch them out of my hand.” But the Bible also warns Christians of the possibility of apostasy, encouraging followers of Jesus to stay on guard against an “evil, unbelieving heart, leading you to fall away from the living God.” How can it be true that Christians cannot fall away and also true that they can fall away? The key is to understand the difference between the Christian’s condition as elected by God, and the lived-in experience of the Christian’s faith life. Those who are e
Some Christians worry that their Christianity is only theirs because they grew up in a Christian home. But is this a weakness, or a strength? We’re used to thinking that an idea must be individually chosen to be legitimately one’s own, and this taps into a valuable scriptural assertion–that the human individual either does or doesn’t have a relationship with the God of the universe, and that individual has an individual, personal responsibility to this relationship. But on the other hand, the pursuit of a relationship with God as an isolated individual, as though one could know God without any
The apocalyptic fears many have surrounding Artificial Intelligence (AI) evoke a dystopian image of robots someday ruling the world and turning humans into their slaves. But on the other hand, the dreams some have of a utopian paradise in which computers have advanced to the point where humans no longer need to work, all problems have been solved by the power of advanced computing, and a sort of millennial golden age descends upon a liberated humanity are equally as misguided. These two wildly fantastic visions are based upon a false view of humans as basically walking computers whic
What does an experience of the Holy Spirit actually look or feel like? Within the Christian tradition, there is often a sharp divide in how this question is answered. Some believe the Holy Spirit frequently acts independently of the Bible, providing direct instructions for specific life situations. Others maintain that the Spirit speaks exclusively through the written Word of Scripture. However, a closer look at the New Testament reveals that both positions capture a partial truth while risking a significant error. The Subjective Risk: Those who believe the Spirit always acts independent
The word Paradise is used infrequently in the Bible. Jesus tells the thief on the cross that they will be together that day in Paradise, and Paul says in 2 Corinthians that he had a powerful out-of-body (maybe!) experience in Paradise. Paradise is a Persian word describing a cool, relaxing garden in an arid climate, and it looks like Jesus is using this word to describe the intermediate state to promise the thief on the cross that after death - but before the resurrection - his spirit will be in a comfortable resting place with Jesus himself. This corresponds to the place Christians typically
Those who have not grieved deeply are often disturbed during the holidays by those who have, since the latter sometimes seem to refuse to participate in the jollity of the season. This notion—that the joy, lights, and merriment of Christmas ought to raise the spirits of those who have lost loved ones—betrays a shallow view of grief, which cannot be alleviated by mere happiness. In addition, Christmas is frequently a reminder of Christmases past where the lost loved one was present. Because of this, Christians should be aware of two things: first, the presence and power of the grief some experi
Everyone knows that it’s not possible for a virgin to get pregnant. Many have considered this impossibility as the open-and-shut reason for disbelieving in the biblical teaching of the virgin birth of Jesus. Others though, have seen this impossibility as the whole point of the story: if God exists, and he has decided to become a human being in order to save the world, then doing something radically impossible to make that happen seems like the kind of thing God would do. But what does the virgin birth mean? It can’t be the necessary ground of Jesus’ sinlessness, since Mary herself contributed
This episode is a sister to Episode 126: Israel and Palestine. Many depictions of Muslims in the West picture Islam as a religion of violence, and in a post-9/11 world, it’s certainly not difficult to believe that this is true. But while there is certainly violence in its past, the vast majority of Muslims share with other humans a deep desire for peace and safety. For Christians, being on guard against this false narrative is absolutely essential. St. Paul says in 2 Timothy 1 that God has not given us a spirit of fear, but of power, and of love, and of self-control. Fear is what holds us back
Many Christian church bodies in the United States have presidents or bishops that function as administrative heads or public faces of that particular church. But none of these quite matches up to the role of the Roman Catholic Pope—the Bishop of Rome. Does not having a single, strong authority open the door for theological and practical innovations in a church? This has not turned out, in practice, to be the case; single, powerful leaders have not historically been able to protect the church from error. The alternative, however—complete autonomy for all individuals—has also been fruitless. The
Many Christian churches avoid talking about biblical election - the teaching that those who are believers have come to faith because God chose them - because it seems exclusive and non-egalitarian. How can God love everyone but only choose some? But in the Bible, the historical foundation of this doctrine is God’s choice of Israel to be his chosen people - not so that they could have a special status but so that they could be his agents for bringing the blessing of his redemption to the rest of the world. And this is the meaning of election for God’s people today: God has chosen to save and re
It might be easy when visiting a church to think that the pastor is in charge. But many times once you get involved in that church and see behind the curtain it becomes apparent that other groups hold the power. What all of these churches have in common, though, is the temptation to find in the world the template for their governance structure. But what the Bible teaches is that the power God gives individuals or groups in the church is to be used to support those who need that power and strength to do the ministry God has gifted and called them to do. So pastors should not be CEOs, and minist
Humans long for God, if he exists, to prove that existence, and many Christian philosophers have proposed arguments, or proofs, for that existence. Many arguments have been advanced toward that end; for instance, the cosmological argument which states that since everything has a cause there must be something which ultimately caused the universe to exist; the teleological argument which argues that the complexity of the universe suggest design; and the moral argument which suggests that the human belief in right and wrong can only come from the type of standard provided by God. But ultimately,
